Nutrition Capital Network summarizes mergers & acquisitions and investments in the nutrition, natural product, health & wellness, and green product sectors. NCN News, October 12, 2016 Green Plains acquires Fleischmann’s Vinegar Green Plains Inc. Small business web hosting offering additional business services such as: domain name registrations, email accounts, web services, FrontPage help, online community resources and various small business solutions. Welcome Fortune City Customers Fortune. This page has close affinity with http://www.consciousazine.com/alchemical. Chad facts, information, pictures . The CFA franc is issued in coins of 1, 2, 5, 1. CFA francs and notes of 5.
CFA francs. CFA Fr. CFA Fr. 51. 6. 5) as of 2. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES: The metric system is the legal standard. HOLIDAYS: New Year's Day, 1 January; National Holiday, 1. January; Labor Day, 1 May; African Independence Day, 2. May; Independence Day, 1. August; Assumption, 1. August; All Saints' Day, 1 November; Proclamation of the Republic, 2. November; Christmas, 2. December. Movable religious holidays include 'Id al- Fitr, 'Id al- 'Adha', Milad an- Nabi, Easter Monday, Ascension, and Pentecost Monday. TIME: 1 pm = noon GMT. A landlocked country situated in northern Central Africa, the Republic of Chad has an area of 1,2. Comparatively, the area occupied by Chad is slightly more than three times the size of the state of California. It is bounded on the north by Libya, on the e by the Sudan, on the s by the Central African Republic, on the sw by Cameroon, and on the w by Nigeria and Niger, with a total boundary length of 5,9. The Aozou Strip of Chad, an area along the northern border of about 1. Libya in 1. 97. 3. In February 1. 99. International Court of Justice rejected Libya's claim to the territory. Armed clashes broke out in 1. Nigeria over several islands in Lake Chad that had emerged as the water level fell. Chad's capital city, N'Djamena, is located in the southwestern part of the country. The country's most marked feature is Lake Chad, which is situated at the foot of a gently sloping plain, is surrounded by vast marshes and is fed chiefly by the Chari and Logone rivers. The surface area of the lake varies from about 9,8. From this low point of 2. Emi Koussi, an extinct volcanic peak in the Tibesti Mountains of northern Chad. The center of the country is primarily a shallow bowl known as the Bod. Extreme temperatures range from - 1. The rains last from April (in the south) or July (farther north) through October. Average annual rainfall is about 7. N'Djamena. In the far south, it is as much as 1. Faya- Largeau in the north, it averages only 2. A severe drought affected two- thirds of the country from 1. Animal and plant life correspond to the three climatic zones. In the Saharan region, the only flora is the date- palm groves of the oases. Palms and acacia trees grow in the Sahelian region. The southern, or Sudanic, zone consists of broad grasslands or prairies suitable for grazing. Elephants, lions, buffalo, hippopotamuses, rhinoceroses, giraffes, antelopes, leopards, cheetahs, hyenas, snakes, and a variety of birds are found in the savanna country. As of 2. 00. 2, there were at least 1. With two national parks, five game reserves, and two Ramsar Wetlands of International Importance, about 9% of Chad's natural areas are protected. The chief environmental problem is increasing desertification after a decade marked by below- normal rainfall and periodic droughts. Warring factions in Chad have damaged the environment and hampered the efforts of the government to address environmental problems for 2. Locust swarms periodically cause crop damage. The availability of fresh water is also a major problem. Safe drinking water is available to 4. About 8. 2% of the nation's renewable water resources are used for farming activity. According to a 2. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), the number of threatened species included 1. Endangered species in Chad include the black rhinoceros, Dallon's gerbil, and African wild ass. The Sahara oryx, also called the scimitarhorned oryx, is extinct in the wild. Elephant herds were reported greatly decimated in the 1. The population of Chad in 2. United Nations (UN) at 9,6. In 2. 00. 5, approximately 3% of the population was over 6. There were 9. 8 males for every 1. According to the UN, the annual population rate of change for 2. The projected population for the year 2. The population density overall was 7 per sq km (1. Chad. The UN estimated that 2. The capital city, N'Djamena, had a population of 7. Other cities and their estimated populations include Sahr (formerly Fort- Archambault), 1. Ab. About 1. 50,0. In 1. 98. 3, up to 2. Chadians in Nigeria were expelled as part of a general expulsion of foreigners. Beginning in 1. 98. Chadians fled from Libyan- controlled northern Chad and other areas of the country. The government of Chad reported that more than 1. Chadians returned home between November 1. June 1. 98. 7. As of 1. Chadian refuges in Cameroon; 2. Central African Republic; 2,0. Niger; and 1,3. 00 in Nigeria. A total of some 1. Chadian refugees were repatriated from the Central African Republic between April 1. September 1. 99. 7, and from Niger between December 1. January 1. 99. 9. The Chadian government, in agreement with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), decided to facilitate the repatriation of another 5. Chadian refugees between 1. As of 2. 00. 4, there were 2. UNCHR living in Chad, of which 5. Of the total migrant population, 8. In 2. 00. 4, 3. 9,2. Chadian refugees were in Cameroon and 5,0. Sudan. In that same year, countries of asylum for Chadians were Cameroon, the Central African Republic, and France. The net migration rate for 2. The government views the migration levels as satisfactory. The basic population of Chad derives from indigenous African groups, whose composition has been altered over the course of years through successive invasions from the Arabic north. The present population is a mixture of at least 2. The population can be broadly divided between those who follow the Islamic faith and the peoples of the south, by which is meant the five southernmost prefectures. The Arab invaders brought Islam, perhaps as early as the 8th century, and today their descendants form a relatively homogeneous group, localized in the regions of Chari Baguirmi and Ouaddai, but mostly seminomadic. Muslim indigenous groups include Arabs, Toubou, Hadjerai, Fulbe, Kotoko, Kanembou, Baguirmi, Boulala, Zaghawa, and Maba. Some indigenous groups, such as the Salamat and the Taundjor, were largely Arabized by intermarriage over the years. Other Muslim peoples include the Fulani, the great sheep and goatherders of Chad. Among the non- Muslim indigenous peoples, the most important (and the largest single group in Chad) are the Sara, about 3. They live in the valleys of the Chari and Logone rivers and are farmers of considerable skill. Others include the Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye, Moundang, Moussei, and Massa. There are about 1. French. More than 1. Arabic is commonly spoken in the north and Sara and Sango languages in the south. French and Arabic are the official languages. As of 2. 00. 4, about 5. Muslims, 3. 3% are Christians, and the remainder are followers of indigenous religions or no religion. Most of the people of northern Chad are Muslims. Islam, brought both from Sudan and from northern Nigeria, spread through the area around Lake Chad long before the coming of Europeans. Protestant and Catholic missionaries have been in the territory only in this century. A majority of the nation's Muslims are of the mystical Tidjani sect (also known as Sufism). Some indigenous religious elements are also incorporated into this Muslim practice. Most of the people of southern Chad are Christian, with a majority of Roman Catholics. Protestants tend to be affiliated with evangelical groups. Followers of two minority religions, the Baha'i and Jehovah's Witnesses, also have small communities in the country. Some people of the south, particularly those living in the valleys of the Chari and Logone rivers, follow African traditional religions. There are also small communities of Baha' is and Jehovah's Witnesses. The constitution provides for freedom of religion, but this right has been restricted by the government in some situations. For instance, the Islamic group Faid al- Djariahas has been banned because of religious customs that are considered to be non- Islamic. In 2. 00. 2, the Catholic Church was formally admonished by the. The Minister of Territorial Administration claimed that the church was taking on the role of a political party, thus promoting an illegal combination of religion and politics. All religious organizations must be registered with the Department of Religious Affairs in the Ministry of the Interior. Though there is no state religion, a majority of the senior government officials are Muslim. Certain Muslim and Christian holidays are officially observed. Chad suffers from poor transportation both within the country and to outside markets; its economic development depends on the expansion of transport facilities. During the rainy season, the roads become impassable and the economy slows down almost to a standstill. There are no railways. In 2. 00. 2 there were an estimated 3. In 1. 99. 2 there were. The main export routes are to the Nigerian railhead of Maiduguri and the Cameroonian railhead of Ngaound. A bridge across the Chari, linking N'Djamena to Kouss. In the same year, a us$1. IDA. Most rivers flow but intermittently. On the Chari, between N'Djamena and Lake Chad, transportation is possible all year round. In September and October, the Logone is navigable between N'Djamena and Moundou, and the Shari between N'Djamena and Sarh. Total waterways cover 4,8. Chad had an estimated 5. Air Tchad (6. 0% state owned) provides internal service to 1. The international airport at N'Djamena was damaged in fighting in 1. Air Afrique, which is partly owned by Chad. Another major airport, developed as a military staging area, is located at Sarh. In 2. 00. 3, scheduled airlines in Chad carried about 4. Fine prehistoric rock engravings and paintings can be found in northern Chad, dating from between 5. In 2. 00. 2, an international research team announced the discovery of the fossil remains of the earliest hominid on record. The six specimens, collected in Chad in 2. By the end of the 1. Lake Chad became vassals of the northern sultanates, which conducted a flourishing slave trade. Europeans began exploration of Chad in the 1.
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