Showtimes, reviews, trailers, news and more. I'm having problems with Top Destinations. I'm having issues searching. I'm having problems with Featured Apps. I see an error in the content. Europe - Wikipedia. Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. To the east and southeast, Europe is generally considered as separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways of the Turkish Straits. I Write Sins Not Tragedies. More Mona Music Videos. The Simpsons (season 19) Country of origin: United States. Official website of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons). Find messages of Christ to uplift your soul and invite the Spirit. The LDS.org menus have changed. Skip main navigation. NBC News VR; College Game Plan; Data Points; Making a Difference; Long Story Short; 101; Show Me; Flashback; 30 Seconds to Know; Debunker; Multimedia. Video; Photo; More From NBC. Sports; CNBC; MSNBC.com; NBC.com; Breakingnews. Connect, collaborate and discover scientific publications. 40 Following View all. BBC News provides trusted World and UK news as well as local and regional perspectives. Also entertainment, business, science, technology and health news. The primarily physiographic term . Of Europe's approximately 5. Russia is the largest and most populous, spanning 3. Vatican City is the smallest both in terms of area and population. Europe is the third- most populous continent after Asia and Africa, with a population of 7. Further from the Atlantic, seasonal differences are mildly greater than close to the coast. Europe, in particular ancient Greece, is the birthplace of Western civilization. The Renaissancehumanism, exploration, art, and science led the . From this period onwards, Europe played a predominant role in global affairs. Between the 1. 6th and 2. European nations controlled at various times the Americas, most of Africa, Oceania, and the majority of Asia.
The Industrial Revolution, which began in the United Kingdom at the end of the 1. Western Europe, and eventually the wider world. Both world wars were largely focused upon Europe, contributing to a decline in Western European dominance in world affairs by the mid- 2. United States and Soviet Union took prominence. The currency of most countries of the European Union, the euro, is the most commonly used among Europeans; and the EU's Schengen Area abolishes border and immigration controls among most of its member states. Definition. Clickable map of Europe, showing one of the most commonly used continental boundaries. Nevertheless, there are some exceptions based on sociopolitical and cultural differences. Cyprus is closest to Anatolia (or Asia Minor), but is usually considered part of Europe both culturally and politically and currently is a member state of the EU. Malta was considered an island of North Africa for centuries. As a result, attempts to organise Europe along political or economic lines have resulted in uses of the name in a geopolitically limiting way. Conversely, Europe has also been used in a very expansive way by the Council of Europe which has 4. In addition, people in the British Isles may refer to . He took her to the island of Crete where she gave birth to Minos, Rhadamanthus, and Sarpedon. For Homer, Europe (Ancient Greek: . Broad has been an epithet of Earth herself in the reconstructed Proto- Indo- European religion. Martin Litchfield West states that . Barry, professor in Princeton University's Near Eastern Studies Department, finds the mention of the word Ereb on an Assyrian stele with the meaning of . Asia (Anatolia coming equally from . Anaximander placed the boundary between Asia and Europe along the Phasis River (the modern Rioni) in the Caucasus, a convention still followed by Herodotus in the 5th century BC. From that time, the term designated the sphere of influence of the Western Church, as opposed to both the Eastern Orthodox churches and to the Islamic world. The modern convention, enlarging the area of . Chinese, for example, uses the word . However, in some Turkic languages the originally Persian name Frangistan (land of the Franks) is used casually in referring to much of Europe, besides official names such as Avrupa or Evropa. The Neanderthals were supplanted by modern humans (Cro- Magnons), who appeared in Europe around 4. Between 4. 50. 0 and 3. BC, these central European neolithic cultures developed further to the west and the north, transmitting newly acquired skills in producing copper artefacts. In Western Europe the Neolithic period was characterised not by large agricultural settlements but by field monuments, such as causewayed enclosures, burial mounds and megalithic tombs. During this period giant megalithic monuments, such as the Megalithic Temples of Malta and Stonehenge, were constructed throughout Western and Southern Europe. BC in Greece with the Minoan civilization on Crete, the first advanced civilization in Europe. Early Iron Age Italy and Greece from around the 8th century BC gradually gave rise to historical Classical antiquity, whose beginning is sometimes dated to 7. BC, the year the first Olympic Games. Western democratic and rationalist culture are often attributed to Ancient Greece. Greece also generated many cultural contributions: in philosophy, humanism and rationalism under Aristotle, Socrates and Plato; in history with Herodotus and Thucydides; in dramatic and narrative verse, starting with the epic poems of Homer. The Roman Republic ended in 2. BC, when Augustus proclaimed the Roman Empire. The two centuries that followed are known as the pax romana, a period of unprecedented peace, prosperity, and political stability in most of Europe. Christianity was legalised by Constantine I in 3. AD after three centuries of imperial persecution. Constantine also permanently moved the capital of the empire from Rome to the city of Byzantium, which was renamed Constantinople in his honour (modern- day Istanbul) in 3. AD. Christianity became the sole official religion of the empire in 3. AD, and in 3. 91- 3. AD, the emperor Theodosius outlawed pagan religions. There were numerous invasions and migrations amongst the Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Goths, Vandals, Huns, Franks, Angles, Saxons, Slavs, Avars, Bulgars and, later on, the Vikings, Pechenegs, Cumans and Magyars. During most of its existence, the Byzantine Empire was the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe. Emperor Justinian I presided over Constantinople's first golden age: he established a legal code that forms the basis of many modern legal systems, funded the construction of the Hagia Sophia, and brought the Christian church under state control. In the mid 7th century AD, following the Muslim conquest of Persia, Islam penetrated into the Caucasus region. This territory, under the Arabic name Al- Andalus, became part of the expanding Umayyad Caliphate. The unsuccessful second siege of Constantinople (7. Umayyad dynasty and reduced their prestige. The Umayyads were then defeated by the Frankish leader Charles Martel at the Battle of Poitiers in 7. During the Dark Ages, the Western Roman Empire fell under the control of various tribes. The Germanic and Slav tribes established their domains over Western and Eastern Europe respectively. This led in 9. 62 to the founding of the Holy Roman Empire, which eventually became centred in the German principalities of central Europe. The powerful West Slavic state of Great Moravia spread its territory all the way south to the Balkans, reaching its largest territorial extent under Svatopluk I and causing a series of armed conflicts with East Francia. Further south, the first South Slavic states emerged in the late 7th and 8th century and adopted Christianity: the First Bulgarian Empire, the Serbian Principality (later Kingdom and Empire), and the Duchy of Croatia (later Kingdom of Croatia). To the East, the Kievan Rus expanded from its capital in Kiev to become the largest state in Europe by the 1. In 9. 88, Vladimir the Great adopted Orthodox Christianity as the religion of state. Further East, Volga Bulgaria became an Islamic state in the 1. Russia several centuries later. Economic growth, together with the lack of safety on the mainland trading routes, made possible the development of major commercial routes along the coast of the Mediterranean and Baltic Seas. The growing wealth and independence acquired by some coastal cities gave the Maritime Republics a leading role in the European scene. The Middle Ages on the mainland were dominated by the two upper echelons of the social structure: the nobility and the clergy. Feudalism developed in France in the Early Middle Ages and soon spread throughout Europe. Through monasteries and cathedral schools, the Church was responsible for education in much of Europe. An East- West Schism in 1. Roman Empire religiously, with the Eastern Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire and the Roman Catholic Church in the former Western Roman Empire. In 1. 09. 5 Pope Urban II called for a crusade against Muslims occupying Jerusalem and the Holy Land. In Spain, the Reconquista concluded with the fall of Granada in 1. Islamic rule in the Iberian Peninsula. Constantinople was the largest and wealthiest city in Europe from the 9th to the 1. They established the state of the Golden Horde with headquarters in Crimea, which later adopted Islam as a religion and ruled over modern- day southern and central Russia for more than three centuries. Previously, these territories were under the successive control of Pechenegs and Cumans. The state was consolidated under Ivan III the Great and Ivan the Terrible, steadily expanding to the east and south over the next centuries. The Great Famine of 1. The population of France was reduced by half. It was a serious blow to the Roman Catholic Church and led to increased persecution of Jews, foreigners, beggars and lepers. The rise of a new humanism was accompanied by the recovery of forgotten classical Greek and Arabic knowledge from monastic libraries, often translated from Arabic into Latin. During this forty- year period, two popes. Although the schism was eventually healed in 1. The Reformation also damaged the Holy Roman Emperor's influence, as German princes became divided between Protestant and Roman Catholic faiths. Eastern Europe, Central Asia and Siberia). Meanwhile, in the south, the Ottomans had conquered the Balkans by the 1. Vienna in 1. 52. 9. In the Battle of Lepanto in 1. Holy League checked Ottoman power in the Mediterranean. The Ottomans again laid siege to Vienna in 1. Battle of Vienna permanently ended their advance into Europe, and marked the political hegemony of the Habsburg dynasty in central Europe.
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